Save Ganga Movement

Save Ganga Movement Save Ganga Movement is a widespread Gandhian non-violent movement supported by saints and popular social activists across the Indian States Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in support of a free Ganga. The movement is supported by Ganga Seva Abhiyanam, Pune-based National Women's Organisation (NWO) besides those of many other like-minded organizations and with the moral support from many religious leaders, spiritual and political, scientists, environmentalists, writers and social activists.Ganga Calling – Save Ganga is another such campaign supported by Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action (ICELA) Ganges is the largest and the most sacred river of India with enormous spiritual, cultural, and physical influence. It provides water to about 40% of India's population in 11 states. It is estimated that the livelihoods of over 500 million people in India are dependant upon the river, and that one-third of India's population lives within the Ganges Basin.Despite this magn itude of influence and control by the river over present and future of the country, it is allegedly under direct threat from various man made and natural environmental issues. Pollution River Ganges flows through the most densely populated regions of India passing 29 cities with population over 100,000, 23 cities with population between 50,000 and 100,000, and about 48 towns. A sizable proportion of the effluents in Ganges are caused by this population through domestic usage like bathing, laundry and public defecation.Countless tanneries, chemical plants, textile mills, distilleries, slaughterhouses, and hospitals contribute to the pollution of the Ganges by dumping untreated toxic and non-biodegradable waste into it. It is this sheer volume of pollutants released into the river every day that are causing irreparable damage to the ecosystem and contributing to significant sanitation issues. Dams Built in 1854 during the British colonization of India, the Haridwar dam has led to deca y of the Ganges by greatly diminishing the flow of the river.The Farakka Barrage was built originally to divert fresh water into the Bhagirathi River but has since caused an increase of salinity in the Ganges, having a damaging effect on the ground water and soil along the river. [4] Apart from this, Bangladesh and India faced major tensions due to this barrage. The government of India planned about 300 dams on the Ganges in the near future and the tributaries despite a government-commissioned green panel report that has recommended scrapping 34 of the dams citing environmental concerns.

How I Stumbled Across Universal Literacy

I acquired, through being part of many discourses that, eventually, everything connects. I had always heard the same thing, â€Å"Graduate from a good college and find a cent living, and you'll be happy and successful. † Ha! What a capitalistic, factory- produced, fairy tale to tell impressionable children, I thought. Nope, I was smarter than that. I would be the one to take the road less traveled†to go against the grain and live my own life the way I wanted to. After barely graduating high school with a GEED (or a GEED equivalent actually†¦ ), I took off to LA to become a music-producer.I was going to be big. I learned the trade, worked inside multi- million dollar studios, and formed a band. I had It all figured out and I was going to how everybody that school was for fools. As with everything In life. This Intoxicating success did not last. I began to feel something was missing. Here I was, living the dream that I had imagined for myself, and yet, I didn't feel m uch fulfillment. Bills were stacking, the girlfriend was becoming distant, and the excitement of living on my own slowly began to degrade with each passing day.Soon, I could no longer make enough to afford living on my own. And so, I packed up and return home to the Bay Area. Life had defeated me, or so It felt, and I had to reevaluate what I wanted to do with mine. That's when the unexpected happened: I started going back to school again. I began taking courses seriously and I learned that, not only was I pretty good at most of the stuff, I really liked it. I found that an obscure subject like calculus, could be applied to something even more obscure like computer programming. I learned lessons in swimming that helped me learn how to socialize.Hell, if I took an extensive course on rock-paper-scissors, I could find a hidden lesson that could ring true In another study. I guess you could say I slowly realized how to learn, rather than what to learn. After all, James Paul Gee writes in his paper, Ð’Â «owing† is a matter of â€Å"knowing how to proceed† (â€Å"go on†) in specific social interactions† (Discourse and Coloratura Studies in Reading, 196). Once I realized that I had a plethora of knowledge and life-experiences up my sleeve already, navigating through new areas in life began to be much more comfortable and rewarding.An unexpected part of life had showed up In my life as well: religion. If you had the reasons wrong with the Bible and how there couldn't possibly be a God. Openness eased my stubbornness. I wanted to â€Å"hear out† what all these people in Christianity had to say. As I attended sermons, I checked all Judgments at the door and listened. I remember the words of a wise teacher I had in high school. He told us to empty our cups†to be ready to fill it with more knowledge. I found that what they preached in church was certainly applicable to somebody not religious at all.Instead of seeing the religion as a brain-washing cult, I began to understand it as a form of volunteer-work. These people were here for help, or to help. How could I speak negatively anymore about something that humans should be doing for each other? I kicked up a sense of humbleness from immersing myself in religious-discourse. It was not only Christianity that I researched. I started pouring my curiosities into Buddhism, Shamanism, and Islam. In all these religions, they teach a similar purpose: healing. Heal yourself, heal others, and heal the Universe.Within you, without you. We are all one, yet amazingly unique. All these â€Å"Faceable†-queues pseudo babble started to make sense to me! Trying new ideas had given me a fulfillment that I Just could not describe. I felt like a scientist, and that my field of study had now been shifted to understanding life. The doors that academic and religious discourse opened for me was like staring into a hallway that had even more interesting and unique doors to b e opened. That would never have been available to me had I not looked in their direction and remained open.James Paul Gee puts it very elegantly, â€Å"Analogously, one can deepen the insight by taking successively deeper views of what interpretation means† (Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics, 540). At times, I can still feel dejected, depressed, or Just plain lazy; after having been through these types of situations before, some many times worse, I learned that eventually, everything will urn out okay again†it has to. Physics proves this, religion speaks of this, and there are sayings I'm sure you've heard before like, â€Å"the dawn is darkest before the day. Recognizing this helps me deal with the inevitable problems that we all share, and how to stress out in a healthy way. A big part of life for me is music. I would not have traveled to LA with such reckless abandon, were it not for the passion and fuel that music provides me. I identified heavily with the punk- (counter)culture during my teenage years. I still do, but again, with a fresh perspective on the community. Punks look intimidating to a lot of people. They have messy hair, spikes in every direction on their clothing, and a penchant for destroying things.The irony is, these very people are often the ones who are insecure, bold, and most understanding. Of course, there are exceptions to the rule, and some punks are Just dicks, but being surrounded by a culture of misfits where the majority of members inside felt they were not right for the â€Å"mainstream discourse†, led me to take a look at the way things were established. I saw a lot of paranoia in the community, and I had to face my own. Let me explain. Paranoia, on one end of the spectrum, can lead people to believe things like, in 1969, America staged the whole moon landing.Or that the Pope is really a lizard. But on the other end of the spectrum, complete naivetà ©Ã‚ © can lead people to believe that banks have your b est interest in mind, or that marijuana causes death. Somewhere in between them is an inner-balance much like the yin and yang in Buddhism. I learned that I revealed when the people spreading an idea can learn to communicate well enough without offending another's ideas. We must listen to others as well, and learn to be dead to change our own ideas. How can we do this? How can I be sure that the color red looks the same to me, as it does to you?And more importantly, how can we find a .. That reading and writing cannot be separated from consensus? Gee argues, † speaking, listening, and interacting† (Reading as Situated Language: A Cognitively Perspective, 714). He makes a rather elegant point here in that it is not a matter of â€Å"street smarts† vs†¦ â€Å"Book smarts†, rather, it is a marriage of the two that is necessary for communication. â€Å"Eventually, everything connects† was said by Charles Names, a designer. An app on the phone called , â€Å"Dots, A Game About Connecting†, displays his quote prominently.Each time I play this game, I think about the many ways to accomplish one simple goal: connect the dots. There are ups and downs, lefts and rights. But there are also boxes and zigzags. The more unique ways you find to connect the dots, the easier and more fun the game becomes. Learning many tools from hands-on life- experiences greatly increases the fulfillment I feel for them. They boost my confidence, encourage me to eat healthier, to do well in school, and to live happier with family. You can say Vie stopped rebelling like I used to, and to that, I would have to agree.But I'm also rebelling against ignorance. I'm rebelling against preconceived molds society can place on us, and I'm rebelling against egoism. It's a never-ending pursuit, but it's much more preferable to never pursuing. James Paul Gee says, † . .The master discourse is not Just the sum of its parts, it is something also over and abo ve them† (Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics, 537). Perhaps once we've connected all the dots, we are still not done. We may never be done, and to me, that is an exciting thought.

Anatomy of a Picture Book Essay

Format/Size †¢Rectangular—This is the shape of most books †¢Horizontal—Often used to in stories about journeys †¢Vertical—May be used for â€Å"larger than life† characters oCohn, Amy L. Abraham Lincoln. oIsaacs, Anne. Swamp Angel. †¢Cutout forms—cutout in the form of buildings, animals, etc. Book Jacket/Dust Jacket †¢Think of a book jacket as a small poster wrapped around the book with flaps on the front and back. oOriginally used to keep books from being soiled oNow used to be eye-catching, to encourage you to pick up the book. †¢Should be appealing from a reasonable distance through its form and color †¢Provides important information about the book  oTitle oAuthor oIllustrator oShould predict the contents of the book oShould convey the age group for the book oBack of book jacket normally includes the book’s barcode with ISBN (International Standard Book Number) number, a unique number to identify a book. †¢Jacket areas oFace—front that faces us as the book is closed and lies on the table ? Is the picture on the cover repeated inside the book or is it unique? If the cover is repeated, it anticipates the plot of the story. ?Does the cover contradict the story? Is the cover mystifying? ?Cover may reflect most dramatic or enticing episode in story. However, the cover should not tell so much that it destroys the suspense of the story. ?Is the cover framed? Framing creates a sense of detachment. oBack—back of the jacket should relate to the front ?Consider how the book jacket flows from the front to the back ? When the jacket is flattened, the design should be homogeneous and consistent ? If you want to be a collector of children’s books, protect the book jackets by covering them in plastic. oWrap-around cover—uses one illustration that wraps around from the front to the back oBook flaps—include background information about the book. May also tell about the author and/or illustrator, etc. oSpine—located to the left, along the bound edge of the book. This is a narrow panel which you see when the book is shelved. Normally includes the title, author, publisher, and sometimes the illustrator. Book Casing/Book Cover †¢Stiff-cased casing—This is what you find underneath the book jacket. This is hard to see on library copies that have plastic put over the covers that is taped down. oSome book covers are simply a repeat of the book jacket. oThe higher quality picture books have a different book casing that is a type of cloth. ?Consider how this contributes to the overall design of the book. Consider color of the cloth, use of patterns, ornaments, or drawings. Does the color used fit the book? oDesigns on casing—This design normally refers to the central motif or symbol of the book. ?Blind stamp—sunken image of the same color as the casing ? Die stamp—sunken image of different color than the casing. Endpapaper (Endsheets) †¢Serve as structural bond between body of book and casing. They are glued down to casing to hold the book together. They are usually of heaver stock paper. oEndpapers may be a solid color, have a design, map, illustration, etc. Sometimes they convey important additional information. If the book is well designed the endpapers should be an integral part of the story. ?Color of endpapers may be symbolic to the story. †¢Endpapers should offer a transition between the exterior and the interior of the book, a â€Å"welcome† into the book. †¢Sometimes the narrative of the book actually begins on the endpapers. †¢Check to see if the front and back endpapers are exactly the same. If they are different, there is a significant reason. †¢Not included in paperback books. Front Matter †¢Front matter includes the beginning pages of the book through the title page and copyright page. Front matter may include blank or extra pages at the beginning of the book. oSets mood for story and may amplify meaning by indentifying books’ main character, setting, theme, etc. †¢Half title page (false title page)—placed before the title page and usually includes only the title and an illustration. Not found in every book. †¢Title page—includes title, author, illustrator, publisher. The illustration used on the title page should be one of the best found in the whole book. May be a detail of some picture in the body of the book. oDouble-page spread—a design that is unified across two pages oTwo distinct pages—one page has illustration; the other has text †¢Copyright page—back or verso of the title page. oContains circled â€Å"c† or word â€Å"copyright† with the year of publication and the name of the copyright owner. oAlso includes the book’s printing numbers or printing code. A first printing of a book may in the future become very valuable. ?First edition â€Å"generally means the book you are holding is the first printing of the first edition, in other words the first appearance of this particular text† (Horning 13). oIf a book was first published outside of the U. S. or a book is a translation, the original title, publisher, and date appear on the copyright page. oMay include the technique the illustrator used for the book, such as watercolor, gouache, colored pencils, oils, etc. oOften includes the name of the book’s typeface. oNormally includes the Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (abbreviated as CIP). This information helps libraries catalog books faster. Includes call numbers for books and may include a summary of the book, as well as the author, illustrator, title, and publisher. †¢Dedication page—may be included in the book. If book’s have separate authors and illustrators, there may be dedications from both individuals. Dedications may give clues to interesting personal information about the author/illustrator. Back Matter †¢Pages in the back of the book after main part of the book. Sometimes the copyright page is part of the back matter. †¢May include author/illustrator information, photographs, reviews, etc. †¢May also include source notes, glossary, index, bibliographies, acknowledgements, notes on the illustrations, other supplemental information, suggested activities to use with children, etc. Body of the Book †¢Main section of the book—what’s between the front matter and back matter. †¢Signature—pages inside the book are sewed or fastened together in one ore more sections classed signatures. A standard signature is sixteen pates. †¢Typeface/typography selected for book should fit the story. For emphasis, fonts may change (size, bold, italics). Layout of the text may also change to emphasize certain elements of the story. †¢Paper—should be of quality. May be matte, shiny, etc. Shiny paper gives a smooth, glazed surface that gives a high sheen and intensifies the colors. May also be heavier paper stock or textured. †¢Gutter—the middle area where pages come together. The illustrations that go over the gutter should not be misaligned or have missing parts because they are â€Å"caught† or lost in the gutter. †¢Placement of the text oVery formal—text placed opposite the illustrations on an adjacent page. A border or frame around the text or illustrations is even more formal. oFormal—text positioned above or beneath the illustrations. oInformal—text shaped with irregular boundaries to fit inside, outside, between, around, or to the side of the illustrations. oVery formal—no text at all (as in wordless books). †¢Placement of the illustrations oDouble-page spread—both facing pages are used for an illustration. The illustration â€Å"spreads across† both pages. Wanda Gag is credited with inventing this technique in her book Millions of Cats. oBorders—an outer edge or boundary, a frame, that encloses text and/or illustrations. Borders have decorative or geometric designs, folk designs from a particular culture, or visual symbols that relate to the story. oPanels—use of vertical sections to break apart an illustration. oVignettes—also called spot art. Small illustrations integrated into the layout of a single or double-page spread. They often allow the illustrator to tell a story through various stages. †¢Page turner element—what on a page makes you want to turn the page to continue the story? oIllustration—is there something in the picture that makes you want to turn the page? A figure facing right on the right hand page is often a page turner element. oText—is there something in the story that encourages you to turn the page? Integrated Whole †¢Visual symbolism—use of physical objects in the illustrations to represent abstract ideas. For example, a dove may symbolize love, gentleness, innocence, timidity, or peace. †¢A high quality picture book (like those which are Caldecott winners or honor books) should be well designed from the book jacket to the back matter, including the endpapers, and book casing. EECE 441 Prof. Sibley Minnesota State University Moorhead Bibliography Harms, Jeanne McLain, and Lucille J. Lettow. â€Å"Book Design Elements: Integrating the Whole. † Childhood Education 75. 1 (1998): 17-24. Education Full Text. Wilson Web. Livingston Lord Library, Moorhead, MN. 28 Aug. 2005 http://hwwilsonweb.com/. ___. â€Å"Book Design: Extending Verbal and Visual Literacy. † Journal of Youth Services in Libraries 2. 2 (1989): 136-42. Horning, Kathleen T. From Cover to Cover: Evaluating and Reviewing Children’s Books. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Matulka, Denise I. â€Å"Anatomy of a Picture Book. † 24 April 2005. Picturing Books. 28 August 2005 http://picturingbooks. imaginarylands. org/. Pitz, Henry C. Illustrating Children’s Books: History, Technique, Production. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1963. Troy, Ann. â€Å"Publishing. † CBC Features. July-Dec. 1989.  ©Carol Hanson Sibley, August 2005

Should our national energy policy focus on building more nuclear power Essay

Should our national energy policy focus on building more nuclear power plants - Essay Example For instance in France, 90% of the electricity that is consumed in that country is from nuclear reactors. It is evident that the future is indeed in nuclear energy thus countries needs to embrace this technology since it is proving to be the game-changer in the future world economics (Kozima, et al.). I think the national energy policy should focus on building more nuclear reactors since the energy demands for a nation like USA are increasing by day and these other forms of energy are proving to be undependable (Krivit, Jay & Thomas). The use of non-renewable fuels has been an issue of contention for so long given the negative impact that the carbon compounds that are produced pose to the environment to the fact that these energy sources will be depleted soon. Thus, questions raise what next when these energy options are exhausted? Renewable energy options such as wind are also no-dependable for large economies like America (Anthony & Chandler). Wind power will only be available when there is wind mean in the event of absence of wind the energy resource will not be available. This brings in the conviction point that the nuclear energy is an option that will solve global energy issues amicably. Many factors support the idea of the national energy policy building more nuclear react ors some of them have been elaborated as follows (Ferguson & Charles). Nuclear reactors are famous as the only form of energy production that has least environmental impact. Unlike other forms of energy production that emit junks of carbon compounds into the atmosphere the gases that are emitted from nuclear reactors are environmentally friendly and do not contain any trace of greenhouse gases (Verfondern). Today’s world is faced with the burden of global warming as a result of greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere (Anthony & Chandler). If

Implementing Disability Sport in Physical Education Essay

Implementing Disability Sport in Physical Education - Essay Example The term disability sports has been actually defined as sports â€Å"designed for, or specifically practiced, by people with disabilities. People with disabilities are also referred to as athletes with disabilities† (International Platform on Sport & Development, 2009, p. 8). Accordingly, people with disabilities are those who are identified to possess â€Å"long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments, which, in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others† (International Platform on Sport & Development, 2009, p. 8). Game modification could include using specifically designed equipment; as well as tailoring the games and activities according to the skills sets of students, their academic levels, and enthusiasm for the particular sport or physical activity. The benefit of this option is that it provides opportunities for disabled students to participate, learn more, and en joy playing the sports through using especially designed equipment, and even rules which could simply be modified or adapted to their diverse needs. Through participating, the vast advantages noted from delving into sports and physical activities, such as socialization, sportsmanship, development of leadership and teamwork skills, as well as enabling the students to design strategies for winning are thereby realized. Integrating disability sports within the GPE curriculum would focus on the development of diverse skills. As such, educators would be incorporate designing or even modifying the curriculum to develop complementary skills; as well as address affective, psychomotor, and cognitive domains. This would necessiate a review of various... This paper approves that school administrators and policymakers who genuinely think of the diversity in academic requirements of students from benefitting from a physical education class would recognize that by incorporating disability sports, all students – whether disabled or not - would benefit in the process. As emphasized, â€Å"both parents and teachers have always conceded that individuals with disabilities who participate in sports activities are less depressed, perform better academically, are more stable in behavior as well as in their overall social interactions†. Likewise, on the part of the students without disabilities, by being provided with formal education on disability sports, they would be exposed on the crucial concerns and issues facing disabled; yet, sports inclined, students. This essay makes a conclusion that the current discourse has effectively achieved two-fold objectives, to wit: to explain the main developments within the realm of implementing integrating disability sports within the physical education curriculum; and supporting the arguments and contentions through studies and researches written by other authoritative authors on the subject. Overall, disability sports should be incorported in the GPE curriculum to realize significant benefits for all students alike: those without disabilities and those who are disabled. The instrumental advantages of encouraging students to develop genuine enthusiasm in sports and physical activites would contribute to their overall wellbeing and improved health condition throughout their lifetime.

Farming Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Farming Methods - Essay Example Industrial agriculture is a form of agriculture, wherein the industrialized mode of working has created a great impact in the way this agriculture functions. It consists of the industrial production of poultry, crops and livestock, that enable the packaging of these products right onto the shelves of supermarkets! It involves a great deal of mechanisation and a more economic and consumer-oriented approach. This mode of agriculture also involves the implementation of genetic technology and other scientific methods to obtain the exact kind and quality of the agricultural output involved. This industry is inclusive of meat packaging, fisheries and poultry, besides cereal crops and other food grains. The living creatures that come as a part of this processing are literally abused and malpractice is imposed upon them, which raises numerous ethical concerns. The advantages of this type of agriculture is that, it provides cheap and huge quantity of output, especially with the desired quality and characteristics. We can lay our hands on dairy products, meat and other crops, in super markets and simply consume them without any further thought. However, it is a deterrent to the employment of a big labour force and also raises numerous questions, as far as its ethical aspect is concerned. Firstly, it raises the questions of animal ethics. Industrial agriculture undermines the natural freedom of animals and works against the innate way of how the animals' lifestyle functions. In fact, these animals are fed with artificial fodder and other antibiotics to produce the desired output. This is a great injustice to these creatures that cannot express their discomfort! In addition to this, the antibiotics and other artificial products used as animal fodder can indirectly cause a great deal of harm to humans who consume the end agricultural product. Therefore, it causes harm both ways! Next, it also contributes to the destruction of the environment and the ecological system, since industrial farms use immense amounts of fertilizers and other chemicals to enhance the quality of the agricultural output. They tend to cause an imbalance in the soil properties and the industrial effluents that emerge as waste products cause lot of harm to life forms in and around the region. These are some of the concerns that arise from the implementation of industrial agriculture. This form of agriculture is highly polluting and consists of derogatory practises of animal abuse. In addition to this, the end products, in the long run affect the human system adversely, due to the high amounts of toxins that get accumulated as a result of consumption. Some food for thought: Industrial agri

Hasbro Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hasbro - Assignment Example The task requires that I use the least amount of time to complete tasks. I will derive satisfaction from work when I complete the tasks as required by the company. Financial results promote practices that are beneficial. It is most probable that triumphant employees will enjoy working in companies that are profitable. Therefore, for individuals like Peaches Belanger, salary increment, improved conditions of work, and improved living conditions, increased sales, and improved profits will enhance their job satisfaction. Moreover, life satisfaction is associated with job satisfaction (Steel 49). The investors upgrade the working equipment to suit workers needs. This will cause life satisfaction and in turn job satisfaction. Ideas in Dispositional Theory and Job Characteristic Theory best explain the satisfaction advantage of Rob Daviau’s over Peaches Belanger. Dispositional Theory explains that individuals contain inner dispositions that cause satisfaction despite the jobs that they do. Job Characteristic Theory highlights the impact of job characteristics on job results (Steel 49). Daviau’s job comprises autonomy, task identity, skill variety, and task significance. In contrast, Belanger’s work entails task significance. This means Daviau’s work has a large significance than Belanger’s, making him more satisfied than

Kurdistan workers party Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Kurdistan workers party - Research Paper Example It is significant to note that the focal operation of the Kurdistan Worker Party is in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Turkey. Further, the PKK has strong financial support and huge propaganda operations in Europe, and it mostly relies on violent and bloody crime for financing. The group started out in the beginning of the 1970’s in Ankara comprising mainly of students. They were led by Abdullah Ocallan. They expanded their follower base on November 25th, 1978 by targeting a wider audience of the Kurdish. Two days later, the group established and eventually named the Kurdistan Workers Party. It believed in a Marxist ideology and it frequently engaged in violent and bloody conflicts as a part of their political commotion in Turkey. The PKK holds that it is it role and responsibility in changing the lives of the Kurdish race in Southern Turkey. Therefore, its focus is to represent their ambitions and thoughts. The Marxist-Leninism propels the group to launch irresponsible struggle against people it calls the bourgeois (Anil, 2010). In 1980, there was a coup attempt in Turkey and this elevated the organization to another level. One of the organization’s co-founders, Sakine Cansiz, was arrested and ended up doing jail-term. Other members arrested were subjected to capital reprimand while others fled to Syria. Yet, in France, the organization’s activities were still brewing. The armed wing of this terrorist capsule, the PKK, attacked and bombed the Turkish embassy in Strasbourg. They had collaborated with the ASALA (Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia), an Armenian radical group. In 1984, the organization took another structural formation. They changed into a paramilitary group. They used France as their base setting up training camps. All through to the late 80’s, the organization became lethal venom in their terrorist activities. It attacked state institutions,

Environment assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environment assignment - Essay Example Question 1d) According to Harvard University economist Jeffrey Sachs, Africa needs US $10-20 billion a year to help it adequately combat HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases (Beresford, 2001). This is an amount that African states cannot raise on their own especially when one considers their weak economies that are being crippled further by several disease pandemics. The developed countries would therefore be of help if they can support Africa by granting it money to combat HIV/AIDS. And when we say grant, we do not mean concessionary loans, we mean outright grants. Question 2) The precautionary principle has the following four central components: taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty; shifting the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity; exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions; and increasing public participation in decision making (Kriebel et al., 2001). We are of the opinion that anyone who wishes to introduce a new product o r process, be tasked with proving that their new proposition will not harm the environment before proceeding. The first component of the precautionary principle if simply put states that it is better to be safe than sorry. With the world still unable to combat several â€Å"big† problems such as ecosystem degradation, resource depletion and climate change, and with environmental and health problems continuing to grow more rapidly than our ability to find solutions, Kriebel and Tickner (2001) state that it would be foolhardy to go ahead with new propositions that may create more problems in the future. The second and third components of the precautionary principle, shifting the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity and exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions, have the effect of making investors stop and reflect deeply before proceeding with their new propositions. This means that it is up to the investor to research, bear the risk and co me up with convincing data before launching a product or process. This would go a long way in arresting the quick money syndrome that is often the root cause of launching of untested products or processes. Also, increased stakeholder participation as proposed by the precautionary principle makes it even more difficult for investors who may have fudged data to support their new offerings from launching their products or processes without a prior independent audit from the public. Question 3) The proposition that warmer weather translates into longer and better life, less energy consumption, and reduced outlays for clothing is too simplistic. For starters we need to define what is or is not warm. Of course the arguments put forth by â€Å"What Are the Benefits of Global Warming?† (n.d.) such as increase in land for farming and living due to the acreage of ice on earth reducing, less money spent on heating and so on have their merits. However, these merits are only true to the extent that global warming leads to a rise in temperature to a level that can be defined as â€Å"warm†. Any deviation to this would lead to heat waves such as those experienced in Europe in 2003. A comprehensive study done by the World Health Organization (WHO) examined the correlation between climate change and the global burden of disease especially in the underdeveloped nations. The

Vision Statement Essay Example for Free

Vision Statement Essay The vision of a man is the framework that shows the depth of his knowledge, the tenacity of his personality and how far he would go in the race of life. It is in lieu of this fact that I write this vision statement which depicts what my professional life would be in the next five years. I am a highly motivated individual with interests in human resource management, finance and sales. I would be keenly involved in developing the innate qualities I have in enhancing the capacity of the people around me especially members of staff and those on the management board I belong to. As the President of the SEB Mortgages Inc. , San Angelo TX, sub-prime mortgage broker in the area, five years would have been effectively used to improve on my managerial skills with respect to continuous training of loan officers and sales representatives. This would definitely not be a one-man affair as I would maintain contract relations with appropriate professionals in accordance with regulations guiding contracts and agreements. I would also maintain high quality staff profile within the organization as a holistic approach for increased company returns. My financial status would be greatly influenced by the output of the company, and many investments in other companies. There would be continued solicit in real estate investment and infrastructure development. The concern is to expand my financial capacity and boost the financial capacity of the mortgage broker. As the company grows in its financial capacity, it may become necessary to prepare it for listing on the Stock Exchange market as a major stock. This process is in sequence: education initiated at various colleges has prepared me for ongoing managerial skills. With the Bachelors degree in organizational management in just a few years, I would become further equipped for the noble task ahead. It would widen the scope of education and provide more opportunities to implement these skills. My professional life would also be harmonized with my social and other areas of my life.

Introduction To Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay

Introduction To Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay The relational model is based on the structure of a database. A database is simply a collection of one or more relations or tables with columns and rows. The use of set theory allows for data to be structured in a series of tables that has both columns and rows. Each column corresponds to an attribute of that relation, while each row corresponds to a record that contains data values for an entity. The main elements of RDBMS are based on Ted Codds 13 rules for a  relational system, the concept of relational integrity, and normalization. The three fundamentals of a relational database are that all information must be held in the form of a table, where all data are described using data values. The second fundamental is that each value found in the table columns does not repeat. The final fundamental is the use of Standard Query Language (SQL). Benefits of RDBMS are that the system is simple, flexible, and productive. Because  the tables are simple, data is easier to understand and communicate with others. RDBMS are flexible because users do not have to use predefined keys to input information. Also,  RDBMS are more productive because SQL is easier to learn. This allows users to spend more time  inputting instead of learning. More importantly, RDBMSs biggest  advantage is the ease with which users can  create and access data and extend it if needed. After the original database is created, new data categories can be added without the existing application being changed. There are limitations to the relational database management system. First, relational databases do not have enough storage area to handle data such as images, digital and audio/video. The system was originally created to handle the integration of media, traditional fielded data, and templates. Another limitation of the relational database is its inadequacy to operate with languages outside of SQL. After its original development, languages such as C++ and JavaScript were formed. However, relational databases do not work efficiently with these languages. A third limitation is the requirement that information must be in tables where relationships between entities are defined by values. Today, the relational model is the dominant data model as well as the foundation for the leading DBMS products, which include IBMs DB2 family, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Microsofts Access and SQLServer, as well as FoxBase and Paradox. RDBMS represent close to a multibillion-dollar industry alone. To combat the limitations of RDBMS and meet the challenge of the increasing rise of the Internet and the Web, programmers developed object-oriented databases in the 1980s. The main objective of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems, commonly known as OODBMS, is to provide consistent, data independent, secure, controlled and extensible data management services to support the object-oriented model. They were created to  handle big and complex data that relational databases could not. There are important characteristics involved with object-oriented databases. The most important characteristic is the joining of object-oriented programming with database technology, which provides an integrated application development system. Object-oriented programming results in 4 main characteristics:  inheritances, data encapsulation, object identity, and polymorphism. Inheritance allows one to develop solutions to complex problems incrementally by defining new objects in terms of previously defined objects. Data encapsulation or simply encapsulation allows the hiding of the internal state of the objects. Encapsulated objects are those objects that can only be assessed by their methods instead of their internal states. There are three types of encapsulated objects users and developers should recognize. The first is full encapsulation, in which all the operations on objects are done through message sending and method execution. The second is write encapsulation, which is where the internal state of the object is visible only for reading operations. The third is partial encapsulation, which involves allowing direct access for reading and writing for only a part of the internal state. Object identity allows objects of the database to be independent of each other. Polymorphism and dynamic binding allow one to define operations for one object and then to share the specification of the operation with other objects. This allows users and/or programmers to compose objects to provide solutions without having to write code that is specific to each object. The language important to OODBMS is data definition and manipulation language (DDML). The use of this language allows persistent data to be created, updated, deleted, or retrieved. An OODBMS needs a computational versus a relational language because it can be used to avoid impedance mismatch. DDML allows users to define a database, including creating, altering, and dropping tables and establishing constraints. DDMLs are used to maintain and query a database, including updating, inserting, modifying, and querying data. The OODBMS has many advantages and benefits. First, object-oriented is a more natural way of thinking. Second, the defined operations of these types of systems are not dependent on the particular database application running at a given moment. Third, the data types of object-oriented databases can be extended to support complex data such as images, digital and audio/video, along with other multi-media operations. Different benefits of OODBMS are its reusability, stability, and reliability. Another benefit of OODBMS is that relationships are represented explicitly, often supporting both navigational and associative access to information. This translates to improvement in data access performance versus the relational model. Another important benefit is that users are allowed to define their own methods of access to data and how it will be represented or manipulated. The most significant benefit of the OODBMS is that these databases have extended into areas not known by the RDBMS. Medicine, multimedia, and high-energy physics are just a few of the new industries relying on object-oriented databases. As with the relational database method, object-oriented databases also has disadvantages or limitations. One disadvantage of OODBMS is that it lacks a common data model. There is also no current standard, since it is still considered to be in the development stages. Object-oriented database technology is a marriage of object-oriented programming and database technologies. Figure 1 illustrates how these programming and database concepts have come together to provide what we now call object-oriented databases. Introduction to RDBMS OODBMS and ORDBMS Perhaps the most significant characteristic of object-oriented database technology is that it combines object-oriented programming with database technology to provide an integrated application development system. There are many advantages to including the definition of operations with the definition of data. First, the defined operations apply ubiquitously and are not dependent on the particular database application running at the moment. Second, the data types can be extended to support complex data such as multi-media by defining new object classes that have operations to support the new kinds of information. Other strengths of object-oriented modeling are well known. For example, inheritance allows one to develop solutions to complex problems incrementally by defining new objects in terms of previously defined objects. Polymorphism and dynamic binding allow one to define operations for one object and then to share the specification of the operation with other objects. These objects can further extend this operation to provide behaviors that are unique to those objects. Dynamic binding determines at runtime which of these operations is actually executed, depending on the class of the object requested to perform the operation. Polymorphism and dynamic binding are powerful object-oriented features that allow one to compose objects to provide solutions without having to write code that is specific to each object. All of these capabilities come together synergistically to provide significant productivity advantages to database application developers. A significant difference between object-oriented databases and relational databases is that object-oriented databases represent relationships explicitly, supporting both navigational and associative access to information. As the complexity of interrelationships between information within the database increases, so do the  advantages of representing relationships explicitly. Another benefit of using explicit relationships is the improvement in data access performance over relational value-based relationships. A unique characteristic of objects is that they have an identity that is independent of the state of the object. For example, if one has a car object and we remodel the car and change its appearance, the engine, the transmission, and the tires so that it looks entirely different, it would still be recognized as the same object we had originally. Within an object-oriented database, one can always ask the question, is this the same object I had previously?, assuming one remembers the objects identity. Object-identity allows objects to be related as well as shared within a distributed computing network. All of these advantages point to the application of object-oriented databases to information management problems that are characterized by the need to manage: a large number of different data types,   a large number of relationships between the objects, and   objects with complex behaviors. Application areas where this kind of complexity exists includes engineering, manufacturing, simulations, office automation and large information systems. Object-Relational database (ORDBMS) is the third type of database common today. ORDBMS are systems that attempt to extend relational database systems with the functionality necessary to support a broader class of applications and, in many ways, provide a bridge between the relational and object-oriented paradigms. ORDBMS was created to handle new types of data such as audio, video, and image files that relational databases were not equipped to handle. In addition, its development was the result of increased usage of object-oriented programming languages, and a large mismatch between these and the DBMS software. One advantage of ORDBMS is that it allows organizations to continue using their existing systems, without having to make major changes. A second advantage is that it allows users and programmers to start using object-oriented systems in parallel. There are challenges in implementing an ORDBMS. The first is storage and access methods. The second is query processing, and the third is query optimization. Since the development of RDBMS, OODBMS, and ORDBMS, many vendors have extended their systems with the ability to store new data types such as images and texts, and with the ability to ask more complex queries. One rising technique is enterprise resource planning and management resource planning, which add another layer of application-oriented features on top of a DBMS. Included applications come from  Baan, Oracle, SAP, and Siebel. These programs each identify a set of common tasks encountered by a large number of organizations and provide a general application layer to carry out these tasks. More importantly, DBMS have advanced into the Internet and Web Age.  Stored data is widely being accessed through a Web browser. Today, queries are being generated through Web-accessible forms and answers are being formatted using a mark-up language such as HTML. In addition, many vendors and distributors are adding features to their DBMS aimed at making it better equipped for Internet usage. In summary, relational and object-oriented database systems each have certain strengths as well as certain weaknesses. In general, the weakness of one type of system tends to be strength of the other. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Object Relational Database Management  System  (ORDBMS) is a DBMS or Database Management System akin to a relational database, but with an object oriented database model that allows  custom web development  professionals to combine the database with custom data types. It bridges the gap between relational databases and Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS).   Traditional RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) focused on the efficient management from a limited set of data-types. Object relational DBMS allows  web sites development  experts to combine their own data types and methods.   The limitations of RDBMS have led to the introduction of object-relational database management systems ORDBMS systems occurred in the early 1990s out of research. One of the most notable research projects, the Postgres introduced two products Illustra and Postgre SQL. The mid-1990s saw many commercial products appearing. These included Omniscience, UniSQL and Illustra 2.   Objectives of Object Relational Databases: To bridge the gap between object-relational mapping and conceptual data modeling techniques. To bridge the gap between object oriented modeling techniques (used in programming languages like C++, C# and  Java) and relational databases. Advantages of ORDBMS: Object Relational Database Management Systems ensures large storage capacity, which is an important part in web based  development The access speed is fairly quick. ORDBMSs have massive scalability. ORDBMSs boast excellent manipulation power of object databases. Supports object functionality by adding separate APIs and  server  subsystems Redesigns the database engine completely Supports rich data types by adding a new object-oriented layer. Apart from these benefits, an object relational database management system has some drawbacks. One of the major disadvantages is its incapability for high-speed internet applications. However, ORDBMSs are designed to manage large amounts of information, an important aspect in the  development of website. The IDC opines that the ORDBMS market has the potential to surpass the size of ODBMS in the next couple of years in web based development. Read more:  http://www.articlesbase.com/programming-articles/ordbms-or-objectrelational-database-management-system-objectives-and-advantages821908.html#ixzz1CUlv7OAH   Under Creative Commons License:  Attribution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. An object relational database is also called an object relational database management system (ORDBMS). This system simply puts an object oriented front end on a relational database (RDBMS). When applications interface to this type of database, it will normally interface as though the data is stored as objects. However the system will convert the object information into data tables with rows and colums and handle the data the same as a relational database. Likewise, when the data is retrieved, it must be reassembled from simple data into complex objects. Performance Constraints Because the ORDBMS converts data between an object oriented format and RDBMS format, speed performance of the database is degraded substantially. This is due to the additional conversion work the database must do. ORDBMS Benefits The main benefit to this type of database lies in the fact that the software to convert the object data between a RDBMS format and object database format is provided. Therefore it is not necessary for programmers to write code to convert between the two formats and database access is easy from an object oriented computer language. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ To define Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) it is enough to take simple equation: ORDBMS = ODBMS + RDBMS = (O + R) * DB * MS. On a logical level, an ORDBMS is the MS process methods applied for DB data structure, which is complied with O object and R relational concepts. The R relational concept in the context of DBMS is based on the relations in the form of two-dimensional tables of rows and columns. Transformation of queries into relational algebra is the main confirmation that affiliates a database with the relational model. It is prejudice to think that SQL2 language is a single and necessary criterion of RDBMS just as to think that Java is a single language of OO programming. Noteworthy feature of RDBMS is the possibility to process a large mass of the uniform n-element tuples (rows or records) quickly. All necessary for object representation is available in the object DBMS (ODBMS). Often the ODBMS is equated to the OODBMS, namely DBMS integrated with an Object-Oriented (OO) programming language like C++ and Java. The characteristic properties of ODBMS are 1)  complex data, 2)  type inheritance, and 3)  object behavior. These features will be considered below regarding the ORDBMS. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Complex data creation in most SQL ORDBMSs is based on preliminary schema definition via the user-defined type (UDT). The table remains a most clear form for representation of complex data in any ORDBMS. students id name course first last st031 Jane Hunter Economy Planning st072 Richard White Computers in Engineering The name attribute (or field or column) consists of the first and last attributes. The value of the course attribute is a set of Economy and Planning elements. Such structure is able, for example, for the Informix SQL (http://www-3.ibm.com/software/data/informix/pubs/library/index.html). CREATE ROW TYPE Student (      id CHAR(5),      name ROW (first VARCHAR(12), last VARCHAR(20)),      course SET (VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL)   );   CREATE TABLE students OF TYPE Student;   INSERT INTO students   VALUES (      st031,      ROW(Jane, Hunter),      SET(Economy, Planning)   );   INSERT INTO students   VALUES (      st072,      ROW(Richard, White),      SET(Computers in Engineering) ); Other SQL ORDBMS suggests other composite type constructors, for example VARRAY or ARRAY instead of the SET, and OBJECT instead of the ROW. Constructors of the simple built-in types, with limitations like CHAR(5), came from SQL2. Is it necessary to define schema before filling a database? Historically, the answer was canonical yes for two reasons. Firstly, the definition of database schema essentially helped to control the type of input data. Secondly, the data type limitation made possible the early DBMSs to organize data with maximal memory and processor efficiency. Nevertheless, development of database schema is a most laborious process. There are a lot of situations related with complex data when precise schema description is not necessary or unreasonably slows project development. Furthermore, both reasons for schema predefinition are no longer valid. Control of input data should be executed by supporting an input form, (e.g., via JavaScript on the Web client side). With the hardware advances in modern database systems, the influence of data type limitation on performance is practically insignificant. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ An object-oriented database management system (OODBMS), sometimes shortened to  ODBMS  for  object database management system), is a database management system (DBMS) that supports the modelling and creation of data as  objects. This includes some kind of support for  classes of objects and the  inheritance  of class properties and  methods by subclasses and their objects. There is currently no widely agreed-upon standard for what constitutes an OODBMS, and OODBMS products are considered to be still in their infancy. In the meantime, the object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), the idea that object-oriented database concepts can be superimposed on relational databases, is more commonly encountered in available products. An object-oriented database interface standard is being developed by an industry group, the Object Data Management Group (ODMG). The Object Management Group (OMG) has already standardized an object-oriented data brokering interface betwee n systems in a network. In their influential paper,  The Object-Oriented Database Manifesto, Malcolm Atkinson and others define an OODBMS as follows: An object-oriented database system must satisfy two criteria: it should be a DBMS, and it should be an object-oriented system, i.e., to the extent possible, it should be consistent with the current crop of object-oriented programming languages. The first criterion translates into five features: persistence, secondary storage management, concurrency, recovery and an ad hoc query facility. The second one translates into eight features: complex objects, object identity, encapsulation, types or classes, inheritance, overriding combined with late binding, extensibility and computational completeness. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. http://www.versant.com/en_US/products/oodbms.html/ OODBMS (OBJECT DATABASE) ADVANTAGES Using an  OODBMS  /  ODBMS  (object database management system, object-oriented data management system) for data storage brings powerful advantages to applications that use complex object models, have high concurrency requirements, and large data sets. It is difficult, time consuming, expensive in development, and expensive at run time, to map the objects into a relational database and performance can suffer. Versantsobject database  solutions (ODBMS) are designed to handle the navigational access, seamless data distribution, and scalability often required by these applications: Versant Object Database  OODBMS  (Java,  C++) FastObjects .NET  OODBMS  (.NET) Why Versants  OODBMS  solutions instead of traditional RDBMS? Where data handling requirements are simple and suitable to rigid row and column structures an RDBMS might be an appropriate solutiuon. However,for many applications, todays most challenging aspect is controlling the inherent complexity of the subject matter itself the complexity must be tamed. And tamed in a way that enables continual evolution of the application as the environment and needs change. For these applications, an  OODBMS  is the best answer: COMPLEX (INTER-) RELATIONSHIPS If there are a lot of many-to-many relationships, tree structures or network (graph) structures then Versants  OODBMS  solutions will handle those relationships much faster than a relational database. COMPLEX DATA For many applications, the most challenging aspect is controlling the inherent complexity of the subject matter itself the complexity must be tamed. For these applications, a Versant  OODBMS  is the best answer. Architectures that mix technical needs such as persistence (and SQL) with the domain model are an invitation to disaster. Versants  OODBMS  solutions let you develop using objects that need only contain the domain behaviour, freeing you from persistence concerns. NO MAPPING LAYER It is difficult, time consuming, expensive in development, and expensive at run time, to map the objects into a relational database and performance can suffer. VersantsOODBMS  solutions store objects as objects yes, its as easy as 1, 2, 3. Versants object database solutions are designed to store many-to-many, tree and network relationships as named bi-directional associations without having the need for JOIN tables. Hence, Versants object database solutions save programming time, and objects can be stored and retrieved faster. Modern O/R mapping tools may simplify many mapping problems, however they dont provide seamless data distribution or the performance of Versants  OODBMS  solutions. FAST AND EASY DEVELOPEMENT, ABILITY TO COPE WITH CONTINOUS EVOLUTION The complexity of telecommunications infrastructure, transportation networks, simulations, financial instruments and other domains must be tamed. And tamed in a way that enables continual evolution of the application as the environment and needs change. Architectures that mix technical needs such as persistence (and SQL) with the domain model are an invitation to disaster. Versants  OODBMSsolutions let you develop using objects that need only contain the domain behaviour, freeing you from persistence concerns.

The Use of Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes, The House of the Seven G

The Use of Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The House of the Seven Gables In Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The House of the Seven Gables, the present is haunted by events of the past; the past actually becomes a curse upon present individuals in this narrative, because it influences their lives. Through the symbols, the actual House of the Seven Gables and the portrait of Colonel Pyncheon, Nathaniel Hawthorne provides sufficient detail to prove his theme - past events, frequently influence the lives of present individuals. The transformed characters, in the end, abandon the symbols of ages long past and effectively abandon the curse of the past in their lives. The actual House of the Seven Gables symbolizes the weight of the past, firstly because the house is actually cursed by an ancient plebeian accused of witchcraft. From the very beginning, neighbors say Colonel Pyncheon builds the house "on an unquite grave" and it indeed has a "bad air" (14). The Colonel constructs his house upon the very spot of the small hut of Matthew Maule, the one accused of sorcery; actively contributing to the ruin of the wizard, the society in which the Colonel lives regards him as less than impeccable. Maule addresses Colonel Pyncheon as he dies on the scaffold to iterate the curse that would haunt his lineage for generations: "God. . . God will give him blood to drink!" (14). The house becomes a symbol of the curse, and the Colonel, by building where he did, seems to give Maule "the privilege to haunt . . . the chambers into which future bridegrooms were to lead their brides, and where future children of the Pyncheon blood were to be born" (14). The curse o f the past affects all members of the present Pyncheon household, and the Maules keep th... ...s to rest. The present Pyncheons and Maules quit the house and the portrait to take up residence in the country home of Judge Pyncheon, thus signifying an escape from the bondage of the past. The house, with its reminiscent decorations, architecture, memories, and dreams is put behind the present Pyncheons along with the portrait of the "evil genius" of the family that suggests secret wealth and his eternal presence (101). The good Pyncheons abandon the embodiment of the past that has curse their lives for so long; they leave the past for life in the present, and this abandonment proposes new life, prosperity, and future, things unthinkable under the influence of the embodied past which is the curse of the House of the Seven Gables and of the Portrait of Colonel Pyncheon. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The House of Seven Gables. New York: Penguin, 1961. The Use of Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The House of the Seven G The Use of Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The House of the Seven Gables In Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The House of the Seven Gables, the present is haunted by events of the past; the past actually becomes a curse upon present individuals in this narrative, because it influences their lives. Through the symbols, the actual House of the Seven Gables and the portrait of Colonel Pyncheon, Nathaniel Hawthorne provides sufficient detail to prove his theme - past events, frequently influence the lives of present individuals. The transformed characters, in the end, abandon the symbols of ages long past and effectively abandon the curse of the past in their lives. The actual House of the Seven Gables symbolizes the weight of the past, firstly because the house is actually cursed by an ancient plebeian accused of witchcraft. From the very beginning, neighbors say Colonel Pyncheon builds the house "on an unquite grave" and it indeed has a "bad air" (14). The Colonel constructs his house upon the very spot of the small hut of Matthew Maule, the one accused of sorcery; actively contributing to the ruin of the wizard, the society in which the Colonel lives regards him as less than impeccable. Maule addresses Colonel Pyncheon as he dies on the scaffold to iterate the curse that would haunt his lineage for generations: "God. . . God will give him blood to drink!" (14). The house becomes a symbol of the curse, and the Colonel, by building where he did, seems to give Maule "the privilege to haunt . . . the chambers into which future bridegrooms were to lead their brides, and where future children of the Pyncheon blood were to be born" (14). The curse o f the past affects all members of the present Pyncheon household, and the Maules keep th... ...s to rest. The present Pyncheons and Maules quit the house and the portrait to take up residence in the country home of Judge Pyncheon, thus signifying an escape from the bondage of the past. The house, with its reminiscent decorations, architecture, memories, and dreams is put behind the present Pyncheons along with the portrait of the "evil genius" of the family that suggests secret wealth and his eternal presence (101). The good Pyncheons abandon the embodiment of the past that has curse their lives for so long; they leave the past for life in the present, and this abandonment proposes new life, prosperity, and future, things unthinkable under the influence of the embodied past which is the curse of the House of the Seven Gables and of the Portrait of Colonel Pyncheon. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The House of Seven Gables. New York: Penguin, 1961.

Prose as Poetry in The English Patient :: English Patient Essays

Prose as Poetry in The English Patient "Never again will a single story be told as though it is only one." John Berger. The English Patient consists of the stories of its four characters told either by themselves or by Ondaatje. Two stories, the accounts of Kip's military service and the many-layered secrets of the patient, are developed while Hana's and Caravaggio's stories are less involved. However, none of these stories could stand alone. The clash of cultures and changing relationships between the characters provide the texture for the novel. They create a complex web in which everyone becomes entangled. Ondaatje uses an extremely complex structure and poetic language to further the interweaving of the characters' lives. According to one critic, "The author's four stories are not a story that gathers momentum from start to finish. They are the widening and fading circles on a pond into which history has plunged like a cast stone." (Eder 203). "The overall structure of the book is circular and allusive, advancing, rounding back on itself, coming to endings that are not necessarily resolutions, and which may be connected to other starting points." (Draper 204). The novel begins en medias reis with the burned English patient already installed in an upper room of the villa. It is near the end of the war. The other doctors and nurses have left leaving only the patient and his nurse. He can only give short, vague descriptions of exploring the Liberian desert. When Kip and Caravaggio enter Ondaatje interlaces flashbacks to give the reader glimpses of their pasts. The novel has third person, but often characters revert to the first person to tell their own story. The least is learned about Hana's past. Most of what is known about her childhood in Toronto is given by Caravaggio. As the novel progresses the English patient's flashbacks become longer, more detailed and coherent. The farther into the novel the farther into the past he recalls. Ondaatje moves toward the denouement obliquely, avoiding standard conventions of plot and narrative voice. The English patient's story is the oldest narrative material, the center around which the rest of the book builds. His story lies at the center of the book, just as the patient himself lies at the center of the villa. " The dialog is pften not substantial enough to carry the deep emotions of the characters, so Ondaatje often relies on intierior monologue.

Greedy Creditors and the Abuse of Consumers Essay -- essays papers

Greedy Creditors and the Abuse of Consumers ï » ¿ Society is rapidly leaning on credit cards. More consumers prefer to carry plastic instead of cash. Moreover, the privilege of holding a line of credit is convenient and useful in today’s world. From hotel reservations and apartment rentals, to ordering online products, families are relying on credit as a time saving devise. As the importance of credit soars, money hungry creditors are taking advantage of the public’s reliance on credit cards. Credit cards are essential for the escalated pace and demands of today’s society. Consumers are increasingly using credit cards to simplify their spending. In addition, carrying cash is more dangerous than carrying credit cards and cash is more difficult for record keeping. In Fact, Hickey (2000), states that cards are safer than cash and necessary for online shopping. In regards to record keeping, reasonably, 45% of the consumers feel comfortable with using cards for the purposes of daily living (â€Å"Using Credit,† 1998). In short, because most families are busier than they used to be, limited time necessitates credit card usage for accurate records and time management. Credit card companies are creatively abusing the American consumer. Robert Heady (1999), founding publisher of Bank Rate Monitor, contends that creditors are making substantial profits from various unfair practices. Heady identifies the strategies as late charges, over limit fees and inaccurate account information. For example, one consumer states that his creditor claims that it takes th irteen days for the company to post the payment, resulting in a late charge, but the creditor sends the bill without adequate time to pay thirteen days in advance (Heady, 1999).... ...ge Students aren’t ready for plastic. BusinessWeek Investor [Online] . Available: http://access.barry.edu Business Week Online. [2000, September 25] . â€Å"Using Credit† (1998, November). Using Credit Cards for Daily Expenses.(brief article) USA Today [Online] . Available: http://www.findarticles.com [1998, Nov.] Heady, R. K. (1999, July 5) . Some Credit Card Firms Play Dirty Ball. Sun-Sentinel Company [Online] . Available: http://access.barry.edu:2061/research/edata.htm Weber, J. & Palmer, A. T. (2000, February, 14) . Finance: Consumer Debt: The Perils of Plastic. Vol. 3668, Business Week. P.27 Vickers, M. (1999, March 15) . A Hard Lesson on Student Credit Cards. Businessweek Online [Online] . Available: http://access.barry.edu:2150/search/search.htm Koretz, G. (2000, January 10) . Plastic Puts the Door at Risk. Economic Trends vol. 3663. P.36.

Pilgrimage of Grace Dbq Essay

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a religious uprising in York, England which started in late 1536 and finished in early 1537, where people lead by Yorkshire lawyer Robert Aske staged protests and demonstrations in opposition to King Henry VIII’s dissolution of monasteries and break from the Catholic Church. This rebellion was mostly aimed at Thomas Cromwell, who was Henry’s High Chancellor; and many of these marchers influenced Cromwell’s policies. The participants of the Pilgrimage of Grace had a goal to reinstate the Catholic Church, and a concern of the economic impacts caused by losing monasteries; those who opposed the movement had a goal to punish leaders and anyone associated with the movement and a political concern of losing power for the king. Documents 1, 3 and 5 demonstrate the marcher’s religious purpose and desire to bring power back to the church. Documents 4, 6 and 11 prove the marcher’s concerns about the economic impact that the dissolu tion of monasteries caused. A goal to punish anyone associated with the Pilgrimage of Grace can be found in Documents 8 and 10. Documents 7 and 9 indicate the oppositions’ concerns of the king losing power. Commoners who were a part of the movement participated in protests to oppose King Henry VIII’s new policies. In Documents 1, 3, and 5, the marcher’s goal to reinstate the Catholic Church is evident. Document 1 is extracted from the â€Å"Oath of Honorable Men†, which was taken by marchers for this rebellion lead by Robert Aske, and within this oath, marcher’s state that their purpose for participating in the Pilgrimage of Grace is not for â€Å"worldly gain† (individual gain in terms of wealth, reputation, jobs, etc.), but rather for the better purpose of the â€Å"love of God, for the Holy Catholic Church militant†. In Document 1 there are many religious references which prove that the supporters of this rebellion had an ultimate goal to gain back the Catholic Church, in sentences such as â€Å"Take before you the Cross of Christ, and in your hearts His faith.†- the ultimate message conveyed through this document is that a key goal in the uprising is to protest for the Church and for the love of God, to keep God’s faith and help spread love of God and the â€Å"Cross of Christ† through the Catholic Church. In Document 3, a banner carried by peasant marchers depicting the â€Å"Wounds of Christ† is shown. The focal point of this banner is a heart with 2 hands and 2 feet  protruding out of it which have wounds to represent the 5 wounds that Christ had when he was crucified. This banner is representative of the Christian religion and has a very religious point of view to show that marchers were fighting in Christ’s cause for restoration of the Catholic Church. Other specific symbols on the banner such as a communion chalice (with a halo on top showing holiness and god-like qualities) symbolizing members of the clergy (those who pray), a plow symbolizing the commoners (those who work), and a cattle (hunting) horn symbolizing nobles (those who fight) signified that the Pilgrimage of Grace affected a wide variety of people, and several different social classes were on board with the movement. From Document 5, taken from selected articles from a petition (Pontefract articles) presented to members of the King’s Council, one specific article in the petition written by Robert Aske (leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace) addresses the king and outlines specific points/goals of the movement in terms of reinstating the Catholic Church; Aske â€Å"beseech[es]† the â€Å"Sovereign King† to â€Å"have the supreme head of the Church be the pope in Rome as before†. Since the pope in Rome during this time period was known to be Catholic, the marchers support him being reinstated as the head of Church. Also, punishments for heretics are mentioned in â€Å"heresies†¦annulled and destroyed† and â€Å"heretics consigned to punishment by fire†-heretics are professed believers who maintain religious opinions contrary to those accepted by his or her church, the mention of punishment for people who reject the faith of the Church proves that religion was important to the marchers, and therefore reinstating the Catholic church and restoring their faith was of utter importance. Within this document grouping, Document 1 is unreliable due to bias. In Document 1, since it is extracted from the â€Å"Oath of Honorable Men†, the source is biased because this oath was required for marchers to take if they wanted to be a part of the movement; therefore we are not surprised that the marcher holds these opinions because if they wished to participate in the movement but did not necessarily agree with every statement said within the oath, they would have no choice but to repeat it due to pressures from other marchers and desire to fight in the uprisings for several other reasons than simply to reinstate the Catholic Church. Participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace had many concerns about this negative  impact that the King’s actions were causing. In Documents 4, 5, and 11, the shared concern of participants was for the negative economic impact of the dissolution of monasteries, caused from King Henry VIII’s break from the church (since the Church did not allow him to have his marriage annulled). Document 4 is a source from a Marcher’s ballad; it expresses participant’s concerns of the economic impacts of losing monasteries during to the 3 or 4 lines of the ballad, stating â€Å"†¦robbed, spoiled and shorn of cattle and corn, houses and lands.† These lines signify concern of economic impact since due to King Henry’s actions, the monasteries which were â€Å"held in bonds† by the church are removed and therefore the people who held the land are robbed of their houses and land as well as other resources that they would use to gain profit and contribute to the economy, such as their crops (â€Å"corn†) and their livestock (â€Å"cattle†). Document 6 extracted from a pamphlet does not directly address the economic concern of losing monasteries, but indirectly does when the source says that the â€Å"current Parliament has no authority or virtue. It is little more than a council of the King’s appointees. â€Å"-this signifies the concern that since the parliament is ruled by the king and do not â€Å"speak on [it’s] own behalf†, instead it is a parliament â€Å"where men may not speak of the King’s vices but only say what Cromwell says is right†, and this means that the participants of Pilgrimage of Grace are afraid of what the current parliament will dominate. Since parliament and the King controlled the economy, the source shows that it is concerned that due to the changes the King made (like removing monasteries) the negative impact could affect things like the economy, and â€Å"knights and burgesses† or â€Å"counties and towns† will just go by what Cromwell (secon d to the King) and economy will be negatively impacted because all decisions in parliament are based on Cromwell or the King’s opinions. In Document 11 given by the leader of the movement, the economic concerns due to losing monasteries are evident. The source, Aske, explains how monasteries in the north used to give â€Å"great help to poor men and laudable service to God.† But since they were removed negative things have occurred, â€Å"farmers rent out farms and taverns for profit† instead of utilizing their own land to make a profit and contribute to the economy. Also, the source explains that â€Å"any monies earned from abbey lands are now going to the King† meaning that any small profit made goes directly to the King, so obviously the economy is impacted negatively. The  source describes more negative impacts on the kingdom, like the tenant fed and aided by abbeys (monasteries) â€Å"can barely live†, beggars and travelers have no help on roads and things maintained by monasteries for the benefit of the commonwealth like bridges and high walls are unattended. Document 4 is very reliable because it was written by Catholic monks who lived in an abbey, which shows that they have witnessed the effects of the economy on people living on monasteries firsthand-and they have experience which helps them to be reliable since they also inhabited abbeys in monasteries. Document 11 is a biased source that is not fully reliable because the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace, Robert Aske, wrote it as a testimony shortly before he was executed. It is not surprising that Aske holds this opinion because he founded the movement, and therefore strongly disagrees with any changes that King Henry made (removing monasteries)-especially in this document he goes to great lengths to explain how negatively impacted the economy is due to dissolution of monasteries- it is not completely reliable since Aske was not a part of monasteries so he didn’t experience any of the impacts first hand, he just observed the damage around him. People against the Pilgrimage of Grace had goals against the movement, since they supported the King. In Documents 8 and 10 the shared goal between those opposing the uprising was to punish anyone associated with the movement. In Document 8, although there are no direct quotations from the source proving that the person wanted to punish participants in the movement (and this document is pro-pilgrimage), the source itself was taken from a captive of the Tower of London where he was most likely tortured- this source proves that the opposition believed that the Pilgrimage was treason and by using imprisonment and torture methods in the Tower of London they were trying to coerce Nicholas Leche (the source) into admitting it, and therefore punishing him since he as a parish priest; this is also linked to Document 10 where 80% of the clergy were convicted of treason. Document 10 demonstrates that the opposition to the movement wanted to punish everyone associated with the pilgrimage, since members from every status (gentlemen/nobles, clergy, and commoners) were all tried, and for each more than 50% were convicted of treason. The clergy in particular with 80% convicted shows the opposition’s goal to punish supporters of the  pilgrimage, since because it was an religious uprising it makes sense that more religious people like the clergy (those who pray) would be convicted. Document 8 is not a reliable source because it was taken from a Catholic parish priest (someone who would most likely believe strongly in the movement and be against the King due to break with the church and dissolution of monasteries). Also, since Nicholas Leche (source) was in the Tower of London, a building where they tortured, imprisoned, or killed high profile/highly dangerous men (to English monarch), he may have been forced into saying things like â€Å"it was treason† and â€Å"the gentlemen could have stopped the rebellion then†. Those who opposed the Pilgrimage of Grace were faced with many concerns. One primary concern for the opposition was that they would lose power for authority or for King Henry VIII, which is demonstrated in Documents 7 and 9. Document 7 from a pamphlet, expresses the general idea that if the Pilgrimage of Grace succeeds and the king is no longer in charge the kingdom will fall in to chaos because there will be no order, the source says â€Å"When every man rules, who shall obey?† meaning that no King leads to no obedience to anyone else. By arguing that having a king is â€Å"not only expedient, but also most necessary in a commonwealth† , the source shows its concern that the King will not have power after the movement, since there is an underlying tone of the source trying to persuade readers into believing the king is best since â€Å"the better [should] rule the rest† to convince them to obey the king (instead of him losing power). This relates to Document 10, extracted from a pardon. This document is almost a silent plea for marchers to obey the king, with an underlying message of concern that the king will lost power after the movement; this is why the source is trying to twist around the situation and make it seem like the marchers are lucky to be granted this most â€Å"gracious pity and mercy towards you and to grant you to you his free pardon†, as long as the marchers â€Å"heartily repent offenses and make humble submission to his highness.† Document 7 is not a reliable source due to bias; since the writer of this source is Richard Morrison, a writer hired by Thomas Cromwell he is very biased because he is hired to express the ideas of Thomas Cromwell who was second to the King and who strongly opposed the pilgrimage. Therefore, even if Morrison supported the pilgrimage  he would not be able to express his ideas, since his writing would be passed on to Cromwell, then passed on to the king, and obviously Morrison would not want to be punished for opposing such high authority. Overall, the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536 was an important historical event during the reign of King Henry VIII, where there were both participants and opposition for the movement. Participants strove to reinstate the Catholic Church and were concerned about the economic impacts of losing monasteries, while opposition of the pilgrimage had a goal of punishing people associated with the movement and a concern of the kind losing power. Through examples in documents presented in our document set, as well as bias/reliability analyzed, the goals and concerns of both participants and opposition of the Pilgrimage of Grace are evident.

America Decline Essay

â€Å"America’s present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration.† This famous sentence pronounced by Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States, at the beginning of his office in 1921, could be, from certain points of view, perfectly adapted today. In fact, America’s situation and future for four decades, has been largly debated. Is she in decline? Is she stil an empire, a power, a hyperpower? Two English professors : Michael Cox and Michael John Williams, both experts in this question, looked into this problem. Professor Cox, first, drew a pessimistic view of America in his essay Is the United States in decline-again? In response to this essay, M.J.Williams wrote The empire writes back where he explains how much Cox’s argument about America’s decline are false. Professor Cox, in his essay Is the United States in decline-again explains his theory about America’s decline. As we can see in the title America would be in decline â€Å"again†. In fact, until 1968 and during two decades the debate about America’s decline was in the air. People were talking about it, people were feeling it, people were reading it. They particularly read the work of Kennedy, an english historian who wrote The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. In his famous book, Kennedy had two major propositions to explain United States’s decline. The first one was based in a realist notion : the fact that all empires has a finite lifepan. The second was empiric : America’s century was simply coming to his end, faster than anyone expected. This decline had differents causes : the defeat in Vietnam, the rising of the national debt, and above all, the â€Å"emergence of a more complex interdependant world† (Cox, 2007, 645), and this new worl d would completely change USA’s place in the world. Yet, in the nineties, things took a totally different turn. In fact, with the Gulf war of 91, the failure of Europe to resolve Yougolslavie’s issue, the economic crisis in Japan and then the Asian economic crisis, USA refound its place of first Power and everybody forgot the decline’s question during one decade. The major point wich changed everything for the USA was the end of the cold war, wich caused the  dissolution of the USSR and consequently the collapse of only one alternative for the world : capitalism. At this moment started a new era, for the USA and for the world : â€Å"The world system had finally been united† (Cox, 2007, 648) The nature of the USA changed with this new era : the USA became a modern empire, a hegemon, a hyperpower. They changed a lot in their forein policy : they set up a massive military lead, an extensive system of global alliances, a massive intelligence gathering and a global culture and economy. Under Clinton’s administration they also started to change the bases of their policy which became more unilateralist : â€Å"always more unilaterally inclined than their multilateral rethoric seemed to imply† (Cox, 2007, 648). The symbol of this unilateralism has been the invasion of Irak and Afghanistan after the events of the nine of eleven. In fact, they decided, against other coutry’s view to start a war, to fulfill their duty in fighting â€Å"the rogues sates† and declaring one each against Irak Afghanistan,Iran, North corea.. They found a new doctrine and it led them to their loss : â€Å"The US comitted one of the most basic of great power errorss : getting stuck into a quagmire in a country it would have been better to leave be† (Cox, 2007, 650). This events had serious consequences, the Third world changed totally his point of view about USA and many of them started to be be hostile towards them. Further, USA ignored the international laws and made huge dammages to the liberal order and to trust between countries. In the same time the other powers in the world are rising : Europe and china are playing more effetively wich â€Å"altere the way international relations are now conducted†. In fact USA are now constently challenged from the euro, from the other competitors as Toyota, even from the other towns as London wich is now the first stock exchange in the world. American start to feel that USA is changing : the majority of the middle and working class are in a sombre mood, the inequalities and the insecurity are increasing and so are their personal debt. To Cox’s point of view, even if USA is stile a refence point, challenging times are now arrived.

How does the change in temperature affect the rate of reaction? Essay

* Guiding Question: How does the change in temperature affect the rate of reaction? * Objectives: The objective of this experiment is to see how temperature affects reaction rates. * Hypothesis: We think that temperature increases the rate of reaction because the increase in temperature increases the energy of the particles and therefore overcomes faster the activation energy. * Variables: 1. Independent: Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) 2. Dependents: Time (s) and rate of reaction (s -1) 3. Control: Volume (ml) and concentration (M) of HCl and Na2S2O3. * Procedure: a) Transfer 50 ml 0.0400 M sodium thiosulfate solution into a 50 ml flask. b) With a marker make a black cross in a paper and put it below the flask. c) At room temperature quickly pour 5ml HCl of a 2M solution d) Measure the time needed for the black cross to disappeared. e) Repeat this procedure and then place the flask in a hot plate using a thermometer and vary the temperature to 30 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 40 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 60 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. f) Repeat the experiment twice for each temperature and find the average. * Materials: i. 2 measuring cylinder (50 ml) ii. Thermometer 10 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C – 110 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C iii. Chronometer iv. 2 flasks (250 mL) v. 60 ml of a 2M solution of HCl vi. 600 ml of a 0.04 M solution of Na2S2O3 * Observation: Sodium Thiosulfate ions (0.04 M) with different temperatures à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C mL HCL (2M) * Conclusion: Looking at the graph and table, we can see that as the temperature increase, then the rate of reaction increases too. This can be defined and explain by the collision model. Particles can only react when they collide. If the substance is heat, then the particles move faster because they would started to bounce around the space faster because they have receive more energy. So they would bounce around more therefore they are more likely to collide. Some problems during the experiment were that we just have one hot plate so we loose time waiting for the other team to finish with their results. It was complicated because we couldn’t have enough space to record everything that was happening because there were two groups per table. A solution to this problem is that for that specific part when we need the hot plates, we can share the data obtained in the whole table members. So we can continued the experiment at a faster rate so we can start doing more researches for the conclusion. And in this way the observations would have been more accuracy for both groups.

Baby Formula

One of the main goals of technological breakthroughs is to provide the best heath care for the general population. In line with this goal, the introduction of infant milk formulas was a complete success to immediately compensate the lack of nutrition substances for babies which were experienced in the early 20th century. Back then, it was necessary since problems in keeping babies nourished were a big concern. However, such condition paved the way for a seemingly problematic outlook in today’s modern infant health care.A huge number of the world’s population is becoming more and more dependent on infant formula products compromising the health of millions of babies. On a personal perspective, it is definitely the responsibility of infant formula companies to implement the most appropriate use of their products. The extent of their advertising campaign and hunger for profit undermines the capacity of the population to conduct critical thinking due to the extent of trust and reliability they impose as their general image.As these companies have already shifted their market platform to Third World Countries, it cannot be denied that they are capitalizing on the innocence and lack of information of the people who belong in these economic segments. Companies seem to have no respect for the concept of accountability as long as they generate profits out of their campaigns that the products they offer are definitely for a client’s advantage. On the other hand, it is also a responsibility of the developing nation governments to provide what infant formulas truly are as they are mere substitute for breast milk.They should open the fact that commercial milk would never be able to replace the natural nutrients and antibody components of a mother’s milk which babies ultimately need if they were to survive healthily. In the Philippines, the promotion of breast feeding by the Department of Health has been a good head start to counter the significan tly bad habit of mothers in relying on commercial infant formulas (Cerojano, 2007). However, much more needs to be done as the country heavily relies on commodities manufactured by multinational companies.In another perspective, the health care professionals also have the responsibility in terms of ethical considerations. Doctors, nurses and health care personnel should have the initiative to provide the best unbiased information about using infant formulas. The mere fact that the hospitals and clinics in developing nations promote ad campaigns for these products in exchange of commissions can prove to be a very disastrous aspect of profit-over-life matters.They very much know that a mother’s milk is the ultimate source of nutrition for babies but they still would like to get their fair share of profit margin from companies that have lured them to promote commercial products. Lastly, it is the responsibility of the mothers to take in charge of how they would like their babies to get a decent and healthy life. It is always a matter of personal choice for them whether they would succumb to the commercialization of health care in providing nutrition to their infants.A responsible and caring mother will always become critical and hungry for information especially if it is for the benefit of her baby. There are so many segments involved as to who is truly responsible in the commercialization of health care due to the widespread availability of infant formulas. However, it is very obvious that the companies which manufacture them are at the very high notch of ethical and moral responsibility.It is always an option for the consumers to purchase and use products as they like. But capitalism can always cloak out of their true hidden desires for profitability since the general public always put their trusts to entities that they thought would provide them the best benefits. References Cerojano, T. 2007. Philippines: 3,608 Mothers Breast-Feed at Same Time. ABC New s. Retrieved May 1, 2008 from http://abcnews. go. com/International/wireStory? id=3133147.